時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)重要的語(yǔ)法范疇，它表示不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)以及動(dòng)作發(fā)生或存在的方式動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間可分為現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)和過(guò)去將來(lái)四種形式，動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式可分為一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行四種形式將這時(shí)間形式和動(dòng)作方式結(jié)合起來(lái)，就構(gòu)成了16種時(shí)態(tài)形式在這16種時(shí)態(tài)中，其中有8種時(shí)態(tài)是最重要的，也是用得最多的，是必須要掌握的，它們是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(也稱一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))、一般過(guò)去時(shí)(也稱一般過(guò)去時(shí))、一般將來(lái)時(shí)(也稱一般將來(lái)時(shí))、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)一般時(shí)(也稱過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí))，其余的時(shí)態(tài)相對(duì)用得較少01一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (do/does; is/am/are)① 表示現(xiàn)在的情況、狀態(tài)或特征例：He is a teacher.他是一位老師② 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作例：He always helps his mother do housework.他總是幫媽媽做家務(wù)③客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理例：The earth moves around the sun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)④表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作僅限于某些表示“來(lái)、去、動(dòng) 、停、開始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的動(dòng)詞，可以與表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)搭配使用 。

常見(jiàn)的用法是：飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通方式例：The next train leaves at 7 o'clock this morning.下一趟火車今天上午7點(diǎn)開車⑤ 在時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將的來(lái)事情即：主將從現(xiàn)原則)例1：I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.我一到機(jī)場(chǎng)就會(huì)給你打電話例2：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候，我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了02一般過(guò)去時(shí) (did; was/were)①?表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況例：He bought some books yesterday.他昨天買了一些書② 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作例：When I was a boy，I often swam in that river.溫馨提示：有些固定詞的搭配出現(xiàn)時(shí)，也要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如would/used to do：表示“過(guò)去常常......”。

例：He used to visit his mother>他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親03過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had done)表示在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)就是大家常說(shuō)的"過(guò)去的過(guò)去"例：Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months.到那時(shí)為止，他家里已經(jīng)有六個(gè)月沒(méi)得到他的消息了04過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/ were doing)① 表示在過(guò)去具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.10分鐘前，瑪麗正在聽輕音樂(lè)② 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生的事情例：I was travelling in London last summer vacation.去年暑假我在倫敦旅行③ 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的含義瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一定表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的含義持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)只有在有過(guò)去將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或過(guò)去將來(lái)的語(yǔ)境下才能表示過(guò)去將來(lái)例1：Then she said she was leaving.然后她說(shuō)她要離開了。

例2：She said that she was travelling the next day.她說(shuō)她第二天要去旅行④ 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和頻度副詞連用可以表示說(shuō)話者或褒義或貶義的感情色彩05過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would do)表示從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.我星期四說(shuō)我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友06現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are doing)① 表示此時(shí)此刻正在發(fā)生的事情例：He is listening to the music now.他現(xiàn)在正在聽音樂(lè)②表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在做的事情，但不一定此時(shí)此刻正在做例：I am studying computer this term.這個(gè)學(xué)期我一直在學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)③現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)的含義瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行一定表將來(lái)例：I am leaving.我要離開了持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行只有將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或有將來(lái)語(yǔ)境中才表將來(lái)例：I am travelling next month.下個(gè)月我要去旅行④ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與頻度副詞連用，表示說(shuō)話者帶有褒義或貶義的感情色彩。

例：He is always helping others.他總是幫助別人褒義)07現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has done)① 表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響例：I bought a new house, but I haven't sold my old>我買了一所新房子，但是還沒(méi)有賣掉舊的，所以現(xiàn)在我又兩所房子② 表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況，并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用since加一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，或for加一段時(shí)間，或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物，但他的許多見(jiàn)解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn)，并且被現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家的工作所修正08現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/has been doing)表示某一動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)間，延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今，或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來(lái)例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.到目前為止，我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目，已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。

09一般將來(lái)時(shí)?will do① 表示主語(yǔ)主觀意愿的將來(lái)例：I will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.我將送給她一個(gè)玻璃的手工制品，作為給她的生日禮物② 表示客觀將來(lái)例：Fish will die without water.離開水，魚會(huì)死③ 表示臨時(shí)決定例：——Mary has been ill for a week.——Oh，I didn't know. I will go and see her.am/is/are going to do① 表示計(jì)劃、打算做某事例：This is just what I am going to say.這正是我想說(shuō)的② 表示根據(jù)某種跡象看，很可能或即將發(fā)生的事情，表推測(cè)例：Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.看天上的烏云，要下雨了am/is/are about to do表示“即將、正要”，強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事例：Don't worry. I am about to make a close examination>別擔(dān)心，我馬上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。

be to do① 表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”例：She is to be seen in the lab>星期一你準(zhǔn)會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室見(jiàn)到她② 該做或不該做的事情(語(yǔ)氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to)，表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語(yǔ)氣例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.孩子們，你們必須上床睡覺(jué)，不準(zhǔn)吵鬧我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了10將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來(lái)的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情例：Don't worry. you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.別擔(dān)心，你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙11將來(lái)完成時(shí)(will have done)表示從將來(lái)的某一時(shí)間開始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或是在某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間完成，但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

例：The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.會(huì)議從開始到結(jié)束將持續(xù)整整一個(gè)星期12將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(will have been doing)表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間，是否繼續(xù)下去，應(yīng)視上下文而定例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.到下個(gè)月底為止，這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了13過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)（had been doing）表示某一動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)間，是否繼續(xù)下去，應(yīng)視上下文而定例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.我回到家之前，我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了14過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)( would be doing )表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言，將來(lái)某一時(shí)間或時(shí)間段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，主要用于從句中。

例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.政府承諾說(shuō)明年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建15過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)(would have done)表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言，將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前所完成的動(dòng)作常用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.我堅(jiān)信到那年年底為止，那個(gè)軟件的新版本將被開發(fā)出來(lái)但是我錯(cuò)了16過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(would have been doing)表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言，將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，是否繼續(xù)下去，應(yīng)視上下文而定例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.他們說(shuō)到第二個(gè)月底為止，這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。