單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,,第二級,,第三級,,第四級,,第五級,,*,,*,,,,,,,,By Class 6 Group 2,,2.2.4.1,,,,Classification of English consonants,,,,,,,,Definition of consonants:,,,In,articulatory phonetics,, a,consonant,is a,speech sound,that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the,vocal tract,.,,,Generally speaking,there are 24 consonants in English.But some people say there are 28.That is also right to some degree.The left 4 are [ts],[dz],[tr],[dr].,,,,,,,,,English consonants can be classified in 2 ways:,,,One is in terms of manner of articulation,（發(fā)音方法）,;,,,The other is in terms of place of articulation,（發(fā)音部位）,.,,,,,,,,,Manner of articulation,,Stops,Fricatives,Affricates,Liquids,,Nasals,Glides,,,01,,02,,03,,04,,05,,06,,,,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Stops,Fricatives,Affricates,Liquids,,Nasals,Glides,,,01,,02,,03,,04,,05,,06,,,,Manner of articulation,,Stops,,Fricatives,Affricates,,Liquids,Nasals,,Glides,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,,01,,02,,03,,04,,05,,06,,,When the obstruction created by the speech organs is,total,or,complete,,,,the sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a,stop,or a,plosive,.,,[p] [,b],[t,] [,d],[k,] [g],,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,stops,Fricatives,,Affricates,,Liquids,Nasals,,,Glides,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,,Stops,Fricatives,Affricates,,Liquids,Nasals,,Glides,,When the obstruction is,partial,and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the,point,the,speech sound then is a,fricative,.,,,[,f][v][s][z][?][?][θ][e][h,],,,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,Stops,Fricatives,,Affricates,Liquids,,Nasals,,Glides,,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,07,,Stops,Fricatives,,Affricates,Liquids,,Nasals,Glides,When the,obstruction,complete,at,first,is,released slowly with the friction,,resulting from partial,obstrution(as,in,fricatives),the,sounds are,affricates,.,,,[,t?,] [,d?,],,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,Glides,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,Stops,Fricatives,Affricates,Liquids,Nasals,,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,,Stops,,Fricatives,,Affricates,,Liquids,,Nasals,Glides,,When the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or,,parts of the,tongue(the,tip or the sides) and the roof of the,mouth,the,sounds are called,,liquids,.,,,,[l] [r],,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,Glides,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,,Stops,Fricatives,Affricates,,Liquids,,Nasals,,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,,Stops,,Fricatives,Affricates,Liquids,Nasals,,Glides,When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back,,of the mouth and the air is allowed to pass through,it,the,sounds are,nasals,.,,,[m] [n] [?],,,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,Glides,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,Stops,,Fricatives,Affricates,Liquids,,Nasals,,Glides,Manner of articulation,,,,,,,,01,02,03,04,05,06,,,Stops,Fricatives,,Affricates,Liquids,,Nasals,,Glides,,sometimes,called “,semivowels,”,are,a rather,marginal,category.,,They are with a narrow passage between the lips or between the tongue,,and the hard palate to cause some slight noise from the local obstruction.,,,[w] [,j]are,formed in the same manner as the,vowels[u][i,].,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Bilabial,Dental,,Alveolar,Palatal,Labiodental,,zzplovezzp,Place of articulation,Bilabial(,雙唇音）,:the upper and the lower lips are brought together to,,create obstruction.,,,,[p] [b] [w] [m],Glottal,Velar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Bilabial,Dental,,Alveolar,Palatal,Labiodental,,zzplovezzp,Place of articulation,Labiodental,(,唇齒音）,:the lower tip is brought into contact with,,the upper,teeth,thus,creating the obstruction.,,,,,[f] [v],Glottal,Velar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Bilabial,Dental,,Alveolar,Palatal,Labiodental,,zzplovezzp,Place of articulation,Dental(,齒音,):the obstruction is created between the tip of the tongue and the,,upper teeth.,,,,[θ] [ e ],Glottal,Velar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Bilabial,,Dental,,Alveolar,Palatal,Labiodental,,zzplovezzp,Place of articulation,Alveolar(,齒槽音）,:the tip of the tongue is brought into contact the upper,,teeth-ridge to create the obstruction.,,,,[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r],Glottal,Velar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Bilabial,Dental,,Alveolar,Palatal,Labiodental,,zzplovezzp,Place of articulation,Palatal(,腭音,):the obstruction is between the back of the tongue and the hard,,palate.,,,,[j] [?] [?] [,t?,] [,d?,],Glottal,Velar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Bilabial,Dental,,Alveolar,Palatal,Labiodental,,zzplovezzp,Place of articulation,Velar(,軟腭音,):the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the,,,velum,or,the soft palate.,,,,[k] [g] [ ? ],Glottal,Velar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Bilabial,Dental,,Alveolar,Palatal,Labiodental,,zzplovezzp,Place of articulation,Glottal(,喉音,):the vocal cords are brought momentarily together to create the,,obstruction.,,,,,[h],Glottal,Velar,Thank you,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,。